Associations of ECG Signs of Ischemic and Non-Specific Signs of Metabolic Changes in the Myocardium With Unfavorable Cardiovascular Prognosis in a 7-Year Prospective Follow-Up of Young People Under 45 Years.

AIM: To study ischemic and/or nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium and to determine their relationship with unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis in a 7-year prospective observation of young people under 45 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional population survey of a random sample aged 25-44 years (n=1363) was conducted in Novosibirsk. The survey program used the standardized epidemiological Rose questionnaire. Biochemical tests were used to measure blood concentrations of total cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C), and fasting blood plasma glucose. Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP), the presence of arterial hypertension (AH), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and smoking status were assessed. ECG was recorded at rest in 12 standard leads followed by interpretation according to the Minnesota Code. The presence of ischemic and/or nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium was determined. Subjects with ECG signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium were selected for long-term follow-up and additional examination by cardiologists. Then the whole cohort was monitored for 7 years, and cardiovascular events were recorded, including using data from the WHO Myocardial Infarction Registry in Novosibirsk. For statistical analysis of the results, cardiovascular events were combined into a composite endpoint. RESULTS: During 7 years, 40 people (27 men and 13 women) had an unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a 7-year unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis in people younger than 45 years was associated with signs of ischemic myocardial alterations identified on the background ECG (OR 5.319, 95% CI: 1.543-18.342, p=0.008) and nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium (OR 2.978, 95% CI: 1.216-7.216, p=0.017) regardless of age, gender, the presence of arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). CONCLUSION: In young people under 45 years of age, not only ECG signs of ischemic changes in the myocardium, but also nonspecific ECG signs of metabolic changes in the myocardium are associated with an unfavorable cardiovascular prognosis, directly and independently on age and gender, in a long-term, 7-year period.

Predictive value of anthropometric and biochemical indices in non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Triglyceride (TG), triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), body mass index (BMI), TyG-BMI and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio (TG/HDL) have been reported to be reliable predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, there are few studies on potential predictors of non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD). Our aim was to evaluate these and other parameters for predicting NAFPD. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study design. SETTING: Physical examination centre of a tertiary hospital in China. PARTICIPANTS: This study involved 1774 subjects who underwent physical examinations from January 2016 to September 2016. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: From each subject, data were collected for 13 basic physical examination and blood biochemical parameters: age, weight, height, BMI, TyG, TyG-BMI, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, TG, fasting plasma glucose, TG/HDL and uric acid. NAFPD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography. A logistic regression model with a restricted cubic spline was used to evaluate the relationship between each parameter and NAFPD. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to calculate the area under the curve for each parameter. RESULTS: HDL was negatively correlated with NAFPD, height was almost uncorrelated with NAFPD and the remaining 11 parameters were positively correlated with NAFPD. ROC curve showed that weight-related parameters (weight, BMI and TyG-BMI) and TG-related parameters (TyG, TG and TG/HDL) had high predictive values for the identification of NAFPD. The combinations of multiple parameters had a better prediction effect than a single parameter. All the predictive effects did not differ by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-related and TG-related parameters are good predictors of NAFPD in all populations. BMI showed the greatest predictive potential. Multiparameter combinations appear to be a good way to predict NAFPD.

Association of Three Novel Inflammatory Markers: Lymphocyte to HDL-C Ratio, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein to HDL-C Ratio and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein to Lymphocyte Ratio With Metabolic Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the association of three novel inflammatory indicators with metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) cohort participants. METHODS: According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, the cohort participants were divided into the MetS(+) and MetS(-) groups. The lymphocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (LHR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) to HDL-C ratio (HCHR) and hs-CRP to lymphocyte ratio (HCLR) were calculated and were compared between the groups. Binary logistic regression (LR) analysis was performed to find the association of the indices with the presence of MetS among men and women. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to establish cut-off values in predicting MetS for men and women. p-Values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Among a total of 8890 participants (5500 MetS(-) and 3390 MetS(+)), LHR, HCHR and HCLR were significantly higher in the MetS(+) group than in MetS(-) group (p < 0.001). In LR analysis, after adjusting for multiple cofounders, LHR remained an independent factor for the presence of MetS among men (OR: 1.254; 95% CI: 1.202-1.308; p < 0.001) and women (OR: 1.393; 95% CI: 1.340-1.448; p < 0.001). HCHR also remained an independent factor for the presence of MetS only in women (OR: 1.058; 95% CI: 1.043-1.073; p < 0.001). ROC curve analysis showed that LHR had the higher AUC for predicting MetS in both men (AUC: 0.627; 95% CI: 0.611-0.643; p < 0.001) and women (AUC: 0.683; 95% CI: 0.670, 0.696; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This suggests that among both genders, the LHR as an inexpensive and easy-to-access marker has a better diagnostic performance and could be a promising alternative to the traditional expensive inflammatory markers such as hs-CRP for the evaluation of inflammation in patients with MetS.

The association between rapid growth and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background & aims: Metabolic disease prevalence has increased in many regions, and is closely associated with dyslipidemia. Rapid growth refers to a significant increase in growth velocity above the normal range, particularly in infants and children, and is highly prevalent in congenital deficiency infants. But the association between dyslipidemia and rapid growth remains controversial. We performed this meta-analysis to investigate the lipid profile in subjects with and without postnatal rapid growth, and to determine what are the confounding factors. Methods: Medline, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Chinese citation database and WANFANG database were searched (last search in May 2021). Publication bias was examined by constructing funnel plots, Egger's linear regression test and Begg's rank correlation test. Results: The fixed effects model would be adopted if I2 is less than 25%, otherwise random effects model would be used. There were 11 articles involved with a total of 1148 participants (539 boys and 609 girls, mean age=7.4 years). Pooled analysis found that rapid growth was negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (weighted mean difference=-0.068, 95%CI [-0.117, -0.020]), but not associated with triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Stratified analysis suggested that increased TG were found in rapid growth subjects from developing countries. Higher TC was observed for rapid growth participants of follow-up age ≤8 years old, rapid growth duration ≤2 years, preterm, low birth weight, and from developing countries. But decreased TC was observed in small for gestational age (SGA) rapid growth subjects. Decreased LDL-C had been documented in rapid growth subjects of follow-up age >8 years old, from developed countries, and SGA. At last, rapid growth groups had lower HDL-C in infants of rapid growth duration >2 years and from developed countries. Conclusion: Rapid growth is associated with lipid profiles, particularly during early childhood, and this relationship is influenced by factors such as the duration of growth, the level of national development, and birth weight. These findings are significant for the development of strategies to prevent metabolic diseases.This review was registered in PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/) with the registration number CRD42020154240.

Tracking of serum lipid levels from childhood to adulthood: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The utility of lipid screening in pediatric settings for preventing adult atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases partly depends on the lifelong tracking of lipid levels. This systematic review aimed to quantify the tracking of lipid levels from childhood and adolescence to adulthood. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar in March 2022. The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; ID: CRD42020208859). We included cohort studies that measured tracking of lipids from childhood or adolescence (<18 years) to adulthood (≥18) with correlation or tracking coefficients. We estimated pooled correlation and tracking coefficients using random-effects meta-analysis. Risk of bias was assessed with a review-specific tool. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies of 19 cohorts (11,020 participants) were included. The degree of tracking from childhood and adolescence to adulthood differed among lipids. Tracking was observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (pooled r = 0.55-0.65), total cholesterol (pooled r = 0.51-0.65), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (pooled r = 0.46-0.57), and triglycerides (pooled r = 0.32-0.40). Only one study included tracking of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.42-0.59). Substantial heterogeneity was observed. Study risk of bias was moderate, mostly due to insufficient reporting and singular measurements at baseline and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Early-life lipid measurements are important for predicting adult levels. However, further research is needed to understand the tracking of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the stability of risk classification over time, which may further inform pediatric lipid screening and assessment strategies.

Factor modification in the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver cancer risk in a nationwide cohort.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The effect modification by smoking and menopausal status in the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and liver cancer risk has not been reported. METHODS: This population-based cohort study included 4.486 million cancer-free individuals among those who underwent national cancer screening in 2010 and were followed up until December 2017. We conducted analyses in populations that excluded people with chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis (Model I) and that included those diseases (Model III). HDL-C level was classified into eight groups at 10-mg/dL intervals. Liver cancer risk by HDL-C was measured using adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: During follow-up, 18 795 liver cancers in Model I and 20 610 liver cancers in Model III developed. In Model I, low HDL-C levels (aHR 1.83; 95% CI 1.65-2.04) and extremely high HDL-C levels (aHR 1.24; 95% CI 1.10-1.40) were associated with an increased liver cancer risk compared with a moderate HDL-C level of 50-59mg/dL. This association was similar in both men and women with larger effect size in men (aHR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.70-2.15). The hazardous association between low HDL-C and liver cancer risk was remarkable in current smokers (aHR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.84-2.60) and in pre-menopausal women (aHR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.29-6.58) compared with post-menopausal women (aHR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.10-1.93). This association was similarly observed in Model III. CONCLUSIONS: Low and extremely high HDL-C levels were associated with an increased liver cancer risk. The unfavourable association between low HDL-C and liver cancer was remarkable in smokers and pre-menopausal women.

The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)-concentration-dependent association between anti-inflammatory capacity and sepsis: A single-center cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Known to have pleiotropic functions, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) helps to regulate systemic inflammation during sepsis. As preserving HDL-C level is a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis, the interaction between HDL and sepsis worth further investigation. This study aimed to determine the impact of sepsis on HDL's anti-inflammatory capacity and explore its correlations with disease severity and laboratory parameters. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We enrolled 80 septic subjects admitted to the intensive care unit and 50 controls admitted for scheduled coronary angiography in this cross-sectional study. We used apolipoprotein-B depleted (apoB-depleted) plasma to measure the anti-inflammatory capacity of HDL-C. ApoB-depleted plasma's anti-inflammatory capacity is defined as its ability to suppress tumor necrosis factor-α-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in human umbilical-vein endothelial cells. A subgroup analysis was conducted to investigate in septic subjects according to disease severity. RESULTS: ApoB-depleted plasma's anti-inflammatory capacity was reduced in septic subjects relative to controls (VCAM-1 mRNA fold change: 50.1% vs. 35.5%; p < 0.0001). The impairment was more pronounced in septic subjects with than in those without septic shock (55.8% vs. 45.3%, p = 0.0022). Both associations were rendered non-significant with the adjustment for the HDL-C level. In sepsis patients, VCAM-1 mRNA fold change correlated with the SOFA score (Spearman's r = 0.231, p = 0.039), lactate level (r = 0.297, p = 0.0074), HDL-C level (r = -0.370, p = 0.0007), and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein level: r = 0.441, p <0.0001; white blood cell: r = 0.353, p = 0.0013). CONCLUSION: ApoB-depleted plasma's anti-inflammatory capacity is reduced in sepsis patients and this association depends of HDL-C concentration. In sepsis patients, this capacity correlates with disease severity and inflammatory markers. These findings explain the prognostic role of the HDL-C level in sepsis and indirectly support the rationale for targeting HDL-C as sepsis treatment.

Effects of sleep-disordered breathing on serum lipid levels in children:a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) during childhood is common and includes a range of breathing abnormalities that range from primary snoring (PS) to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).Studies have shown that not only OSAS, but also PS, which is originally considered harmless, could cause cardiovascular, cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial problems. Many researches are focused on the relation of OSA and serum lipid levels. However, little studies are focused on PS and serum lipid levels in children.We evaluated whether serum lipid (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)) concentrations were associated with specific components of SDB, including indices of oxygen reduction index, lowest oxygen saturation, mean oxygen saturation. And we explored whether serum lipid levels were associated with different degree sleep disordered (PS and OSA group) and obese. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Children who were complained by their guardians with habitual snoring and(or) mouth breathing were collected in the SDB group. Normal children without sleep problem were matched in the control group. Subjects in the SDB group underwent polysomnography. The serum lipid profiles of all the children included TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations were measured by appropriate enzymatic assays. RESULTS: A total of 241 with Apnea/Hypopnea Index ≥ 5 (AHI) were assigned to the OSAS group and the remaining 155 with normal AHI were assigned to the PS group. The values of TC, TG, LDL-C and LDL/HDL were significantly higher in the OSAS group than in the PS group, and the values in the PS group were significantly higher than the control group. Multiple regression analysis revealed serum TG only correlated negatively with lowest oxygen saturation. Body mass index-z score has a positive effect on TG in all the 1310 children (P = 0.031) and in SDB 396 children(P = 0.012). The level of serum TG in obese group was significantly higher than that in non-obese group. CONCLUSIONS: SDB had a very obvious effect on blood lipids, whereas PS without apnea and hypoxia. Obese only affects the aggregation of TG. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR1900026807(2019.10.23).

Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio associated with long-term adverse clinical outcomes in patients deferred revascularization following fractional flow reserve.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines on coronary intermediate lesions strongly recommend deferred revascularization after detecting a normal fractional flow reserve (FFR). Researches about triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) on cardiovascular diseases has also been well conducted. However, the association of TG/HDL-C and long-term adverse clinical outcomes remains unknown for patients deferred revascularization following FFR. METHODS: This study retrospectively included 374 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with non-significant coronary lesions diagnosed by coronary angiography (CAG) and FFR. The main outcome measure was the combination of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). All patients were categorized into three subgroups in terms of TG/HDL-C tertiles (T1 < 0.96, 0.96 ≤ T2 < 1.58, T3 ≥ 1.58). Three different Cox regression models were utilized to reveal the association between TG/HDL-C and prevalence of MACCEs. RESULTS: 47 MACCEs were recorded throughout a median monitoring period of 6.6 years. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a higher MACCEs rate occurred in the higher TG/HDL-C group (5.6% vs. 12.9% vs. 19.4%, log-rank P < 0.01). After adjustment, patients in T3 suffered a 2.6-fold risk compared to the T1 group (T3 vs. T1: HR 2.55, 95% CI 1.05-6.21, P = 0.038; T2 vs. T1: HR 1.71, 95% CI 0.65-4.49, P = 0.075; P for trend = 0.001). The restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis demonstrated that the HR for MACCEs rose as TG/HDL-C increased. Both the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and time-dependent ROC proved the excellent predictive ability of TG/HDL-C. CONCLUSION: The study illustrates that TG/HDL-C correlates with the risk of MACCEs in CAD patients deferred revascularization following FFR. TG/HDL-C could serve as a dependable predictor of cardiovascular events over the long term in this population.

A population-based cohort study of longitudinal change of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol impact on gastrointestinal cancer risk.

High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have been associated with cancer. In this observational population-based cohort study using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service system, we investigate the impact of longitudinal changes in HDL-C levels on gastrointestinal cancer risk. Individuals who underwent health examinations in 2010 and 2014 were followed-up through 2021. Among 3.131 million, 40696 gastric, 35707 colorectal, 21309 liver, 11532 pancreatic, 4225 gallbladder, and 7051 biliary cancers are newly detected. The persistent low HDL-C group increases the risk of gastric, liver, and biliary cancer comparing to persistent normal HDL-C group. HDL-C change from normal to low level increases the risk for gastric, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, gallbladder, and biliary cancers. Effects of HDL-C change on the gastrointestinal cancer risk are also modified by sex and smoking status. HDL-C changes affect the gastric and gallbladder cancer risk in age ≥60 years and the pancreatic and biliary cancer risk in age <60 years. Here, we show persistently low HDL-C and normal-to-low HDL-C change increase gastrointestinal cancer risk with discrepancies by sex, smoking status, and age.

Effects of Novel Insulin Resistance Indices on Early Renal Functions in Donors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between quickly calculable new insulin resistance (IR) indices used to evaluate IR in early kidney functions after donor nephrectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive design. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Urology, Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkiye, between January 2016 and August 2021. METHODOLOGY: The preoperative biochemical analyses of patients undergoing open donor nephrectomies and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were recorded in the preoperative and first postoperative month. The IR indices (triglyceride glucose [TyG] index, TyG-body mass index [TyG-BMI], triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio [TG/HDL-C], and metabolic score for IR [METS-IR]) were computed. Additionally, the patients were separated into two categories. Group 1 had a less than 30% decrease in eGFR values in the postoperative first-month period, and group 2 had a more than 30% decrease. The relationship between variables was analysed using the Spearman correlation, and comparisons between groups were analysed using the independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients were included in the study. The mean eGFR reduction rate was 31.81 ± 8.87 %. In the correlation analyses, an increase in the rate of decrease in postoperative GFR was associated with higher IR indices, specifically TyG (r = 0.19, p = 0.04), TG/HDL-C (r = 0.21, p = 0.02), and METS-IR (r = 0.21, p = 0.02). No statistically significant difference was found between the groups regarding all the calculated IR indices (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest a possible link between increased IR and postoperative renal function decline. KEY WORDS: Insulin resistance, Glomerular filtration rate, Donor nephrectomy, Triglyceride-Glucose index, METS-IR.

Low HDL-C and the Risk of Hospitalisation in Children with COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in children with COVID-19. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of the Study: Goztepe Professor Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkiye, between 2020 and 2022. METHODOLOGY: The hospital data were examined to find children (<18 years) who presented with COVID-19. The associations between HDL-C, inflammatory biomarkers, hospital admission requirements, and prolonged hospital stays in children with COVID-19 were analysed. RESULTS: During the study period, 1,056 children were diagnosed with COVID-19. Lipid levels were measured in 193 patients during outpatient clinic visits from the same hospital records. One hundred and twenty-seven (65.5%) patients displayed low HDL-C levels. One hundred and nine (86.5%) of the patients with low HDL-C and 33 (50.0%) of the patients with normal HDL-C were hospitalised (p=0.012). Patients with lower HDL-C exhibited higher triglyceride (median 124 vs. 81 mg/dl, p<0.001), glucose (median 116 vs. 101 mg/dl, p=0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (median 343 vs. 251 mg/dl, p<0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (median 0.6 vs. 0.5 mg/L, p=0.009), D-dimer (median 1.3 vs. 0.3 mcg/mL, p<0.001), ferritin (median 127 vs. 40 µg/L, p<0.001), and uric acid (median 5.5 vs. 4.5 mg/dL, p=0.002) levels compared to children with normal HDL-C. Logistic regression (LR) analysis showed that age (OR = 0.87, CI for OR 0.80-0.94, p < 0.001), ferritin (OR = 1.004, CI for OR 1.001-1.006, p = 0.003), and D-dimer (OR = 2.171, CI for OR 1.183-3.984, p = 0.012) were associated with lower HDL-C level in children with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Low HDL-C levels were common in children with COVID-19. Children with COVID-19 and low HDL-C were more frequently hospitalised and had higher inflammatory biomarkers of COVID-19 than children with COVID-19 and normal HDL-C levels. KEY WORDS: HDL-C, HDL-C levels in children, COVID-19, Children with COVID-19.

The Effect of Canagliflozin on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is often accompanied by dyslipidemia. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have been reported to exert effects on lipid, while the results remain controversial. This study is aimed at exploring the effect of SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin on lipid profile. Methods: This study was a single-center, open-label, nonrandomized, prospective study. Metformin (500 mg three times per day) or canagliflozin (100 mg, once daily) was administered for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected before and 12 weeks after treatment. Serum lipid profile levels and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) were determined. In animal experiment, C57BL/6 J mice were divided into three groups including control, STZ + HFD, and STZ + HFD + canagliflozin. Lipid profile and plasma ANGPTL3 level were measured after 12 week's treatment. Moreover, the expression of ANGPTL3 was detected in the liver tissues. Results: There was a decreased trend in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and triglycerides (TG) after canagliflozin treatment, while canagliflozin significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level and decreased plasma ANGPTL3 level. In addition, the expression of ANGPTL3 in liver tissues decreased obviously in diabetic mice with canagliflozin treatment. Conclusions: Canagliflozin increases HDL-c level and suppresses ANGPTL3 expression in patients with T2DM and diabetic mice. The reduction of ANGPTL3 may contribute to the increase of HDL-c. However, the specific mechanism needs further research. This trial is registered with ChiCTR1900021231.

Sex-based association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adverse outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is shown to be an independent protective factor against coronary artery diseases (CAD). Yet there are limited studies focusing on the association between HDL-C and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery outcomes. HYPOTHESIS: Low levels of HDL-C are associated with higher incidence of adverse outcomes in patients undergoing CABG. METHODS: This registry-based study included 17,772 patients who underwent elective isolated CABG between 2007 and 2017. Patients were classified into low and desirable HDL-C groups based on their serum HDL-C levels at admission and were followed for one-year post-surgery. The study population included 13,321 patients with low HDL-C and 4,451 with desirable HDL-C. proportional hazard Cox models were performed to evaluate the association between HDL-C levels and incidence of mortality as well as major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), while adjusting for potential confounders. Moreover, participants were stratified based on sex and the association was also investigated in each subgroup separately. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the groups regarding incidence of both mortality and MACCE, after adjusting with Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) [HR (95%CI): 0.84 (0.46-1.53), p-value:0.575 and HR (95% CI): 0.91 (0.56-1.50), p-value:0.733, respectively]. According to the sex-based subgroup analysis, no significant association was observed after adjustment with IPW analysis. However, as we examined the association between the interaction of HDL-C levels, sex and cardiovascular outcomes, we found a significant association (HR;1.19 (95%CI: 1.04-1.45); p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: HDL-C level was not associated with either mortality or MACCE during one year after CABG procedure. Sex-based analysis showed that in males, HDL-C is significantly more protective against these outcomes, compared to females. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanisms mediating such association.

Assessing Sarcocornia as a Salt Substitute: Effects on Lipid Profile and Gelatinase Activity.

Sodium, although essential for life, is a key factor in changes in vascular function and cardiovascular disease when consumed in excess. Sarcocornia spp., a halophyte plant with many nutritional benefits, presents itself as a promising substitute for the consumption of purified salt. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 are widely studied due to their action in physiological processes and as biomarkers at the diagnostic level due to their increased expression in inflammatory processes. This study aimed to evaluate whether replacing salt with Sarcocornia perennis (S. perennis) powder in healthy young people leads to an improvement in biochemical profiles and the attenuation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. In the present study, 30 participants were randomized into a control group that consumed salt and an intervention group that replaced salt with powdered S. perennis. The evaluation of the biochemical parameters was carried out by the spectrophotometry method, and the evaluation of MMP activity was carried out by zymography. A significant decrease was observed in the intervention group in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and creatinine (p-value ≤ 0.05), along with lower but not significantly different mean values of triglycerides. Regarding MMP activity after the intervention, a lower mean value was observed for MMP-9 activity, with there being higher mean values for MMP-2 activity, both with p-values ≥ 0.05. The results confirmed that the consumption of S. perennis is a beneficial choice for health regarding the lipid profile. The evaluation of MMP activity indicated the potential of S. perennis in the regulation of MMP-9 activity in healthy individuals, along with the need for the further study of these proteases in individuals with pathologies.

The Effect of Sn-2 Palmitate on Blood Glucose, Lipids and Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Controlled Trial.

Sn-2 palmitate is widely used in infant formula. However, little is known about its effects on metabolism and body composition in middle-aged and elderly adults. In a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial, we enrolled Chinese adults aged 45-75 years with self-reported constipation. Individuals were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to a 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO)-enriched oil (66% palmitic acid in the sn-2 position) or a control vegetable oil (24% palmitic acid in the sn-2 position) daily for 24 weeks. Skim milk powder was used as the carrier for both fats. Interviews and body composition were performed at baseline, week 4, week 12 and week 24. A fasting blood draw was taken except at week 4. This study was a secondary analysis and considered exploratory. A total of 111 adults (83 women and 28 men, mean age 64.2 ± 7.0 years) were enrolled, of whom 53 were assigned to the OPO group and 57 to the control group. During the intervention, blood glucose, triglyceride, the triglyceride-glucose index, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and remnant cholesterol remained stable, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased in both groups (p = 0.003). No differences in change were observed between the groups (all p > 0.05). From baseline to week 24, the level of visceral fat increased slightly (p = 0.017), while body weight, total body water, protein, soft lean mass, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) decreased in two groups (p < 0.01). At weeks 4, 12 and 24, the SMI decreased less in the OPO group than in the control group, with a trend towards significance (p = 0.090). A 24-week daily intake of sn-2-palmitate-enriched oil had no adverse impact on fasting blood glucose, lipids and body composition compared with the control vegetable oil in Chinese adults (funded by Chinese Nutrition Society National Nutrition Science Research Grant, National Key Research and Development Program of China and Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd.; ChiCTR1900026480).

The association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and kidney stones: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the NHHR and kidney stone risk remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between adult NHHR and kidney stone occurrence in USA. METHODS: This study used a variety of statistical techniques such as threshold effects, subgroup analysis, smooth curve fitting, multivariate logistic regression, and data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2014. We aimed to clarify the relationship between the NHHR and kidney stone risk. RESULTS: The average age of the 21,058 individuals in this research was 49.70 ± 17.64 years. The mean NHHR was 3.00 ± 1.47, and the overall prevalence of kidney stone occurrence was 9.05%. The prevalence within the quartile ranges (Q1-Q4) was 7.01%, 8.71%, 9.98%, and 10.49%, respectively. The overall average recurrence rate of kidney stones was 3.05%, demonstrating a significant increase with increasing NHHR (Q1: 1.92%, Q2: 2.92%, Q3: 3.35%, Q4: 4.00%, P < 0.01). The occurrence of kidney stones increased by 4% (95% CI: 1.00-1.08, P = 0.0373) and the chance of recurrence increased by 9% (95% CI: 1.03-1.14, P < 0.01) with each unit increase in NHHR. The interaction analysis results demonstrated that the relationship between the NHHR and the risk of kidney stones was not significantly impacted by the following factors: sex, body mass index, poverty income ratio, diabetes, or hypertension. Curve fitting and threshold effect analysis also demonstrated a non-linear association, with a breakpoint found at 3.17, between the NHHR and the risk of kidney stones. CONCLUSIONS: In adults in the USA, there is a substantial correlation between elevated NHHR levels and a higher probability of kidney stones developing and recurring. Timely intervention and management of NHHR may effectively mitigate the occurrence and recurrence of kidney stones.

Reevaluating Adiponectin's impact on obesity hypertension: a Chinese case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and hypertension are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. Both conditions are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which is mediated by adipokines such as adiponectin. Adiponectin is the most abundant adipokine that has a beneficial impact on metabolic and vascular biology, while high serum concentrations are associated with some syndromes. This "adiponectin paradox" still needs to be clarified in obesity-associated hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate how adiponectin affects blood pressure, inflammation, and metabolic function in obesity hypertension using a Chinese adult case-control study. METHODS: A case-control study that had finished recruiting 153 subjects divided as four characteristic groups. Adiponectin serum levels were tested by ELISA in these subjects among these four characteristic Chinese adult physical examination groups. Waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SB), diastolic blood pressure (DB), and other clinical laboratory data were collected. Analyzation of correlations between the research index and differences between groups was done by SPSS. RESULTS: Serum adiponectin levels in the| normal healthy group (NH group) were significantly higher than those in the newly diagnosed untreated just-obesity group (JO group), and negatively correlated with the visceral adiposity index. With multiple linear egression analysis, it was found that, for serum adiponectin, gender, serum albumin (ALB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) were the significant independent correlates, and for SB, age and HDLC were the significant independent correlates, and for DB, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was the significant independent correlate. The other variables did not reach significance in the model. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that adiponectin's role in obesity-hypertension is multifaceted and is influenced by the systemic metabolic homeostasis signaling axis. In obesity-related hypertension, compensatory effects, adiponectin resistance, and reduced adiponectin clearance from impaired kidneys and liver all contribute to the "adiponectin paradox".

Exercise and lipids.

Evidence from the existing literature suggests that exercise has positive effects for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases by reducing risk factors such as elevated blood lipids. Based on clinical and observational clinical trials, it is well established that increased physical activity and regular exercise has a favourable impact on blood lipids and lipoprotein profiles. Exercise training significantly decreases blood triglycerides concentration and increases high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Though the Indian data depicting the effect of exercise on lipids is scarce, exercise directly improves "atherogenic dyslipidaemia" which is frequently present among Indians i.e. HDL-C is increased, TG is reduced and LDL-C particle size is improved. While drug therapy is key to the treatment of dyslipidaemia, lifestyle alterations such as exercise should continue to be actively promoted and encouraged by clinicians. Exercise is a low cost, non pharmacological therapeutic lifestyle change that is of value to lipid metabolism and cardiovascular fitness.